A study was carried out to investigate the effect of graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) broiler were randomly assigned to five experimental dietary treatments containing MOLM at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 %. The diets were designated as T , T , T , T and T respectively with 30 broiler chicks per treatment. The five treatment groups were replicated 1 2 3 4 5 three times with 10 chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and clean water were supplied ad libitum. Both the starter and finisher phases lasted for 56 days. The results revealed that all the parameters evaluated at the starter phase were statistically influenced (p<0.05) by the dietary inclusion of MOLM except mortality (%). Final weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, total and daily feed intake were significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed MOLM based diets compared to those in the control group. Feed conversion ratio (1.42) and cost per kg gain were significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds fed the control diet compared to other treatments. At finisher phase, the result showed that final weight and total weight gain of birds on MOLM diets were comparable but significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the control diet T1 (2106.67, 1060g). Higher total and daily feed intake were obtained in birds fed MOLM diets T2, T3 and T5 compared to those in other treatment groups. FCR of birds in T3 (2.50) was significantly (P<0.05) better than those in other treatment groups. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in feed cost per kg gain of birds across the treatments. It was therefore concluded that MOLM at 2.50% in the diets of broiler starter chicks and up to 7.50% in finisher diets can improve growth performance of broiler chickens.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of aloe vera extract on kidney functions and haematological parameters in Wistar rats. Twenty adult male albino rats weighing between 150g – 200g were used for the study. They were randomly divided into four groups, namely. Group I (control), II, III and IV were administered 50, 100 and 150mg/kg aloe vera extract respectively for 21 days. Blood samples (2ml), were obtained by cardiac puncture into EDTA bottles to determine; Red blood cells, White blood cells, Haemoglobin, Mean cell volume, Mean cell haemoglobin, Mean cell haemoglobin concentration and Platelets. Another 2ml were collected into plain sample bottles without anticoagulant to determine; Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine, Total protein and Serum albumin. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 20 and Microsoft 2019 to plot graphs of means. The results obtained revealed that oral administration of aloe vera extract to Wistar rats significantly increased (p<0.05) RBC and MCHC in rats. RBC values obtained were 8.09 ± 0.20 x 1012/L in group 2 (50mg/kg aloe vera extract), 7.91 ± 0.27 x 1012/L in group 3 (100mg/kg aloe vera extract) and 7.54 ± 0.22 x 1012/L in group 4 (150mg/kg aloe vera extract). WBC, PCV, MCH, MCV did not vary significantly (p>0.05) from those of the control group. In conclusion, oral administration of aloe vera extract up to 150mg/kg body weight did not have any compromising effect on the haematological and Kidney function indices in Wistar rats.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diets containing ginger root meal (Zingiber officinale) supplemented with and without organic acids on the growth performance and nutrients digestibility of broiler chicks. A total of two hundred and fifty (250) day old broiler chicks was used. Basal diet which served as the control (T1) contained no organic acid was formulated, while diets 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively contained ginger meal at 15g (T2), 30g (T3) and 45g (T4) without organic acid supplementation, 15g (T5), 30g (T6) and 45g (T7) supplemented with organic acids. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Results showed that final weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of birds differed non-significantly (P>0.05) across all the treatment groups. However, total feed intake and daily feed intake were significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed the control diet (988.23g, 35.39g) but were similar to those fed ginger meal based diets T2 (901.93g, 32.21g), T3 (968.91g, 34.60g) and T4 (920.73g, 32.88g) without organic acid when compare to those in organic acid groups. Apparent nutrient digestibility of the birds revealed a significant (P<0.05) variation in all parameters across the dietary treatments. Dry matter digestibility was statistically (P<0.05) higher in birds fed ginger based diets without organic acid while other parameters did not follow a particular trend. It was therefore concluded that feeding of diets containing ginger meal with or without organic acid had no adverse effect on the performance and nutrients digestibility of broiler starter chicks.

This study aimed to assess the quality of harvested rainwater from two (aluminum and corrugated zinc) commonly used roof materials in several urban and rural parts of Africa, and particularly in Nigeria for potable use, and to identify and select appropriate water quality indicator sensitive to variations in response to roof types and precipitation sampling time regimes. A total of 36 samples (first-flush and post-flush) were taken from two different urban residential roofs during six rainfall events, within the months of June (3events) and July (3events), and analyzed for selected water quality parameters. The results showed that concentrations were far below recommended guidelines (WHO and NSDWQ). However, concentration levels in First-flush samples for the two roofs were relatively higher than Post-flush. This implies that quality improves with initial roof washoff as traditionally practiced. Results also showed that sampling (interval) time had significant influence on quality parameters than roof material. Multivariate statistical tool was employed to identify a sensitive quality indicator. Factor analysis (FA) was used to group parameters into significant factors that explained over 72% of variations in water quality parameters. Discriminant analysis identified Sulphate and Chloride as the most sensitive parameters for residential roof harvested rainwater, and therefore, may be applied for water quality monitoring in the region.

The effects of the indomie seasoning(chicken flavour) on the organosomatic and haematological indices of Albino rats were investigated under laboratory conditions of sixteen (16) albino rats grouped into four (A-D) groups. Each group had 4 albino rats, treated groups were labelled A-C and the control was labelled D. the group means + SEM for each parameter was calculated SPSS (26.0). Means were separated using Turkey's post hoe test at 5% level of significance. The results showed that there was steady increase in the weight of the animals fed orally with 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg of the indomie seasoning a week(s) increases. It is also observed that there was a significant increase (p>0.05) in the organ weight of the liver (hepatosomatic index) in all the groups compared to control. Also, the renosomatic index was significantly increased as the weeks increased. Results also showed that the indomie seasoning produces a significant change in the platelets counts when compared with the control. However, the result showed a general change in the haematopoetic counts of the albino rats. Since the effects of the seasoning on the general well-being of humans had been documented, it is therefore, pertinent for us to reduce the intake of the seasoning especially at low amount.

The study evaluated effects of ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel combined hormonal oral contraceptives doses on blood lipids in fructose fed Female Wistar Rat. Female Rats weighing 94-262g were randomly grouped into four (4) experimental groups (n=6). Prepared 0.15 and 0.3 ml, Duofem combined ethinlyl estradiol and norgestrel oral contraceptives were administered orally (p.o) to fructose fed group A and B animals respectively, while group C animals were fed fructose diet only and the control group D animals were fed normal feed, the procedure lasted for 28 days, twenty four (24) hours after the last treatment, the animals were euthuanized by cervical dislocation, blood samples collected, and lipids profile (total Cholesterol (TCL), triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) were estimated. A quantity, 0.3ml ethinlyl estradiol and norgestrel significantly (p<0.05) reduced mean HDL-C level (46.12±2.57 mg/dl) of group A animals compared to control group, on normal diet with mean HDL level of 65.74±3.58mg/dl. Duofem COC produce more severe alteration of lipid homeostasis in Rats on higher combined oral contraceptives (0.3ml) treatment, as a result of insulin-resistance that resulted from chronic fructose consumption.

The field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria in the early and late wet seasons of 2012. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of weed interference period and age of pepper seedlings on weed dry matter production and relative importance value (RIV) of weed species in pepper. Two ages of pepper seedlings at transplant as the main plot and six weed interference periods as sub-plot treatments were accommodated in a split-plots arrangement of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on weed dry matter production and those collected on weed species composition were used to compute RIV. Results showed that weed dry matter production and number of weed species reduced with weed-free period, while up to 80% reduction in weed dry matter production was observed on plot kept weed free for 12 weeks after planting (WAP) of pepper. There were also, 13 and 17 weed species present in the early and late wet seasons, respectively, while only Tridax procumbens had RIV greater than 5 % irrespective of age of pepper seedling and weed interference period in both seasons. Our findings reveal that either of the two ages of pepper seedlings at transplant can be adopted in its cultivation while pepper plot should be kept weed free for 12 WAP to reduce weed dry matter production.

Sustainable exploitation of freshwater fish species for commercial value is sacrosanct for fishery to continuously play its role in Nigeria socio-economic growth and development. Five commercially available fish species (Oreochromis niloticus, Elops saurus, Raiamas senegalensis, Hyperopisus bebe and Gobionellus oceanicus) in Ogun coastal water, Iwopin, Ogun State, Nigeria were appraised for the length-weight relationship, growth rate and condition factors. Fifty samples of each fish species were collected from fishermen at the landing sites weekly between January and April, 2023. Length-weight indices showed Elops saurus, H. niloticus and R. senegalensis. Condition factor recorded in the fish species of E. saurus, R senegalensis, H. bebe and G. oceanicus were not significantly different to each other, but showed negative allometric growth. Conclusively, the study provided length-weight relationships for Oreochromis niloticus, Elops saurus, Raiamas senegalensis, Monodactylus sebae and Gobionellus oceanicus exhibited different growth patterns, and showed a strong association between length and weight of the fishes. Furthermore, the study will be useful for fishery biologist for sustainable fishery management.

Acha (Digitaria exilis) is a cereal crop that is highly nutritious and contains carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, and amino acids.It also contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, tannin, and saponin, which can reduce the bioavailability of nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation on the proximate and mineral composition of acha flour. Acha was processed into flour and then subjected to spontaneous fermentation and fermentation using a combination of Streptococcus infantarius FDAARGOS_1019 and Limosilac tobacillus fermentum SCB0035) previously isolated from cow milk. Exactly 250g of the flour was mixed with 500mL of distilled water followed by the addition of 0.02% sodium metabisulphate to inhibit the growth of microflora and other contaminating microorganisms. The same set-up was used for the spontaneous fermentation, except the addition of starter organisms and sodium metabisulphite. The proximate and mineral contents of the flours were determined using the association of official analytical chemistry (AOAC) and atomic absorbance spectroscopy (AAS) methods respectively. The result shows a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the moisture, ash, lipid and protein contents of the fermented flour when compared to the unfermented flour with the higher values occurring in the samples fermented with the LAB consortium. The carbohydrate and fiber content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after fermentation. The result of the mineral contents of both unfermented and fermented acha flours demonstrated that magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, sodium, phosphorus, and calcium levels significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) through LAB fermentation, while potassium levels remained unchanged. This observation shows that LAB fermentation has the potential to enhance nutritional quality of acha flour more than spontaneous fermentation and can be applied in microbial food fortification.

Malaria is a severe febrile illness instigated by Plasmodium parasites and spread through bites of infected mosquitoes to humans and animals. This study was carried out to determine the effect of water extract of Azadirachta indica on Plasmodium berghei-induced nephropathy of male Wistar albino rats. Thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 grams were used for the study. Experimental animals were weighed and grouped into six groups (A to F) of five rats per group. Groups A, B, and C were blank, negative, and positive controls, respectively while Groups D, E and F were infected with 1.0x107 Plasmodium berghei and treated with 50, 200, and 500mg/kg body weight of ethanol neem leaf extract of Azadiractha indica, respectively for twenty-one (21) days post-infection. After treatment, animals were sacrificed and serum collected for biochemical analysis. Results of the experiment showed that P. berghei caused a significant hike (p<0.05) in mean serum creatinine concentration (4.30±0.96) when compared with the blank control (2.60±0.96).With the administration of A. indica, the P. berghei-induced creatinine hike reduced significantly (p<0.05) (2.80±0.62). The present study also showed that P. berghei caused a reduction in urea nitrogen level (11.79±4.03) when compared with the blank control (28.18±5.12). The result of renal histology showed that P. berghei caused a focal tubular dilation with brush border depletion and upon the administration of A. indica, the kidney cortex still showed some levels of cell-mediated capsular injury and tubular atrophy. We therefore, concluded that Plasmodium berghei caused renal dysfunction, as shown by biochemical assay. However, the histological study inferred that the extract of A. indica could not entirely reverse the renal damages initiated by the infections.

This study was to determine the protective effects of Gongronema latifolium on male Wistar albino rats induced with indomethacin. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar albino rats weighing 150 g were used in this study. The rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups of five rats. Groups A, B and C were blank, negative and positive controls while Groups D and E were low (100 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) dose treated groups of the extracts of Gongronema latifolium respectively. Rats were housed in metallic cages and allowed to acclimatize for fourteen days. The ulcerative index increased significantly in group B at (p<0.05) (68.00±2.83) but the low dose treated groups reduced significantly (p<0.05) after oral administration of 100 mg/kg of Gongronema latifolium extract at 12.00±4.24. The percentage ulcer inhibition increased significantly p<0.05 (77.68±4.61) when treated with standard anti-ulcer drug for the Group C. The percentage of ulceration reduced significantly (p<0.05) (38.26±6.09) when treated with low dose (100 mg/kg) of Gongronema latifolium for Group D. The pH value was at the lowest level at the negative control group (Group B) at (p<0.05) (2.92±0.63) but was significantly increased (4.60±0.18) (p<0.05) when treated with high dose of extracts of Gongronema latifolium. Indomethacin induced ulcer increased the mucosa acidity of Wistar albino rats (Group A) with the highest value (p<0.05) (5.29±0.12), but when treated with low dose (Group D) of Gongronema latifolium, it significantly reduced (2.75±1.061) (p<0.05). This study shows Gongronema latifolium is potent, effective and efficacious due to its phytochemical properties that have antioxidants potentials.

Bacterium(a) entrance into a host either through an external injury or by direct spread from a punctured/perforated internal organ (particularly the colon, rectum, or anus) or sexual organ are the means of contacting necrotizing fasciitis. This study was aimed at isolation and identification of bacteria that are associated to necrotizing fasciitis, to determine the spectrum of bacterial organisms responsible for necrotizing fasciitis. A total of twenty (20) samples were collected from patients with sterile swap sticks. Collected samples were cultured on Nutrient, MacConkey and Blood Agar plates and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Isolation and identification of bacteria was done using standard microbiological procedures. Results showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest isolates accounting for 20(22%) followed by Escherichia coli 17(18.47%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16(17.6%), Streptococcus sp., 15(16.5%), Klebsiella sp. 13(14.2%) while Proteus sp. was the least common isolates accounting for only 10(11%). In conclusion, it is evident from this study that necrotizing fasciitis is largely polymicrobial, deriving significant contributions from both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It showed that wound samples used in this study were contaminated with bacteria and are therefore at risk of infection if proper care and treatment modalities were not adhered to. It is therefore a necessity that good hygiene and proper care of wound infection plus the cooperation of antimicrobial drugs during treatment.

Foot ulcers are common among diabetic patients and can lead to severe bacterial infection. The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata root extracts on clinical pathogens isolated from foot ulcers of diabetic patients. A total of 5 typed strains comprising of Acinetobacter johnsonii strain JUQ303 Pseudomonas rhodesiae strain YHBT5, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 were isolated from patients attending clinics at the National Orthopedic Hospital, Enugu. Roots of Andrographis paniculata were obtained from a local garden in Anaocha local government area of Anambra State. They were pulverized and extracted using ethanol, acetone and water solvents. These crude extracts were reconstituted using 5ml of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and1.56mg/ml. The isolates were screened for sensitivity to the plant extracts using agar well diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates was analyzed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The aqueous extract showed highest zone of inhibition of 12mm on Acinetobacter johnsonii, 11mm on Psedomonasrhodesiae, 10mm on Alcaigenes faecalis strain 2, 9mm on Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and 7mm on Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3, respectively at the concentration of 200mg/ml. At lower concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 3.125mg/ml and 1.56mg/ml, the aqueous extracts showed no inhibition on tested isolates. The MIC of the ethanol root extract of Andrographis paniculata were recorded at 12.5mg/ml,25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml on Acinetobacter johnsonii strain JUQ303, Pseudomonas rhodesiae strain YHBT5, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3, respectively. The MIC of the acetone root extract were recorded at 25mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 100mg/ml on Acinetobacter johnsonii, Psedomonasrhodesiae, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2,Alcaligenesfaecalis strain, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 respectively while the MIC of the aqueous root extract were recorded at100mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml Acinetobacter johnsonii, Psedomonasrhodesiae, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 respectively. The aqueous extract showed no bactericidal effect on tested isolates. From the study, ethanol extract of A. paniculataroots showed the highest antibacterial potency on clinical pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers than the acetone and aqueous extracts. Andrographis paniculata plant is easily accessible, potent, economical and safe to man, therefore, this study encourages the use of plant extracts in the treatment of human diseases caused by these pathogens.

Access to clean water and adequate sanitation is crucial for maintaining good health; however, numerous individuals face a lack access to clean water. The study was to investigation the physicochemical, assessment of coliform bacteria, phenotypic virulence characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the identified organisms from borehole and well water samples. The result obtained showed that pH ranged from 6.06 - 7.59, while temperature (25.3 - 29.4 oC), electrical conductivity (13 – 159 μS/cm), turbidity (0.21 – 1.83 NTU), total suspended solid (0.23 – 0.98 mg/ml), Alkalinity (0.12 – 0.50), Hardness (1.05 – 2.95 mg/ml), Phosphate (0.1 – 1.99 mg/L), Nitrate (0.03 – 1.05 mg/L), and Sulphate (0.12 – 1.0 mg/L) were within acceptable range delineated by World Health Organization for drinking water. The heterotrophic bacterial count range from 138.00±2.83CFU/100ml to 267.50±17.68CFU/100ml, coliform count ranged from 11.00±1.41 CFU/100ml to 147.50±7.78 and the counts were also found to be higher than the values stipulated by World Health Organization guidelines. The bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae. Bacillus (37.50%) and Escherichia (20.83%) were the most frequently occurring bacterial isolates from water samples in the study. The phenotypic virulence properties of the bacterial isolates showed that they had at least one virulence determinants. The antibacterial sensitivity testing revealed that all isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (5mcg), with a MAR index greater than 0.2 indicating that the isolates were all pathogens of public health importance. This study therefore highlights the need for continuous monitoring and quality assessment of drinking water sources.

The result of the proximate analysis of the various leaf meal indicated that Moringa oleifera had the highest crude protein content of 22.51 percent, a crude ash content of 14 percent and ether extract of 0.80 percent respectively. Spondiummombin leaf meal had the highest crude fiber content of 20 percent. The mineral analysis showed that Azadirachta indica leaf meals had the highest calcium level of 0.5 percent, magnesium 0.04, potassium content of 121.33 parts per million and sodium content of 60 parts per million. The photochemical analysis of the various leaf meal revealed that Azadirachta indica leaf meal had the highest concentration of, phytate 1.50 oxalate 2.10 and tannin 0.089 respectively. Moringa leaf meal contained the least levels of oxalate at 0 .68 and saponin 9 percent. While Spondiummombin had the highest concentration of saponin, and the least concentration of phytate at 1.20 and tannin at 0.013 percent respectively. The results indicated that the various leaves meals evaluated contained varying amount of the proximate, minerals and phytochemicals substances, hence, their regular use are recommended.

Maize is an important crop in many parts of the tropical environment providing energy source for poultry and staple food supply for human as well as for industrial uses because of its diverse utilization potential. Nigeria is characterized with diverse accessions such as land, cultivars, and farmers' selected lines from many years of cropping maize for improved yield and adaptation through informal breeding programmes. The objectives of this study therefore were to evaluate white and yellow maize accessions for yield performance, disease reactions and agronomic attributes, and to further characterize them for use in planned maize breeding programmes. One hundred and sixty-five maize accessions (85 white) and (80 yellow) were used for performance evaluation and reactions to prevailing diseases of hot tropical environment, under natural field infection. The results from analysis of variance of the white and yellow maize accessions showed significant differences for plant height (3144.75 cm and 1901.54 cm), ear height (1462.98 cm and 982.76 cm), ear harvest (12.64 and 8.74), husk cover (0.83 and 0.67) and grain yield (4743.49 kg/ha and 3851.67 kg/ha) and disease syndrome ratings. This study revealed the variability in agronomic traits which will in no doubt expand the gene pool of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training of Obafemi Awolowo University for breeders developing early, medium and late maturing white and yellow maize populations for improved agronomic potential, yield, disease resistance and adaptation to hot humid ecologies of the tropical ecosystems.

Rain-induced attenuation serves as a substantial factor influencing link power sizing in both terrestrial and satellite-based applications. The absence of in-situ rain rate measurements for localized link designs has led to generalized assumptions about rain-induced attenuation, contributing to increased instances of signal impairments during rainfall events. This study addresses this challenge by quantifying rain rate statistics over country capitals in Western and Central Africa. The Chebil and Moupfouma models were employed to estimate essential rain rate statistics, including the point rainfall rate R0.01, utilizing a 32-year data set of CRU rainfall accumulations. The results provide accurate rain-based statistics crucial for predicting, planning, and designing satellite and terrestrial links, especially for various microwave (MW) and millimeter-wave (mmW) technologies in specific locations. These rain rate insights are invaluable for engineers and designers working on communication systems, offering a comprehensive resource to enhance the accuracy of link budgeting and develop effective strategies for mitigating the impact of rainfall on signal quality. This research contributes to the optimization of communication systems, ensuring robust performance across diverse atmospheric conditions.

Forensic taphonomy involves varied range of factors- decomposition processes, chemical and biological interactions with cadavers, and the chronology of events preceding death, which contribute to reconstruction of events and estimation of post mortem interval (PMI). This research aimed to assess the quality of DNA extracted from embalmed tissues of Sus domesticus buried in different soils and the soil enzyme quality after 1 year. Sus domesticus limbs (n=36) were randomly allocated into three groups (A-C) of, three treatment samples and one control sample. Before burial, each sample was treated in either 10% formaldehyde, absolute methanol, or 50% Pine oil for 24hr except the control samples. The limbs were buried in 36 simulated graves containing clay, sandy, or loamy soil types. DNA quality was assessed by extracting and quantifying DNA from the individual samples. The rate of decomposition was evaluated using modified qualitative decomposition analysis. Biochemical enzyme assays were conducted on the soil from each grave. All the buried limbs experienced weight loss. The formaldehyde preserved samples exhibited significant increase (p≤0.01) in soil urease levels. The control grave soils showed significantly higher (p≤0.01) alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and calcium carbonate values compared to the experimental grave soils. The experimental samples demonstrated a significant decrease (p≤0.01) in DNA concentration and purity compared to the control groups. The results showed that the embalming treatment altered the relationship between organic matter decomposition and soil biochemical properties. When conducting investigations, it's important to consider various factors in determining the PMI. These factors include the characteristics of the grave soil, the soil biochemical properties, plus any pre-mortem exposure to embalming chemicals. Considering these factors, investigators can effectively estimate PMI, which is crucial in forensic analysis and establishing the timeline of events surrounding a crime.

Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx was assessed for nutritional value and biocidal potential. Proximate analysis revealed moisture content of 2.85%, while protein, fat and carbohydrate contents were 18.31%, 3.40% and 73.62% respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. Inhibition zones due to sensitivity testing of the ethylacetate fraction (10 mg/ml) ranged between 10.33±0.58 and 17.17±0.76 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(CISp1) and Escherichia coli (NCIB 86) respectively. The partially purified ethylacetate fraction (5 mg/mL) inhibition zones ranged between 12.00±1.00 (P. aeruginosa (CISp1)) and 24.00±0.00 (P. aeruginosa (NCIB 950)) while MIC ranged between 1.25 and 2.50 mg/mL. After 120 min of direct contact between the fraction (1×MIC) and Staphylococcus aureus, total cell death was 74.7%. Absolute mortality rate was achieved 3×MIC concentration at 120 mins and 60 mins for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively. Amount of K+ leakages at 1×MIC was 2.24μg/mL from S. aureus and 3.38μg/mL from K. pneumoniae. In general, leakages of cytoplasmic contents increase with increase in the concentration of the extract and the contact time. The green calyx of H. sabdariffa was found to have combined nutritional and medicinal values, thus, confirm its traditional application as food and in the treatment of infections.